Simul Climbing Rope Length, And yes we are scared of falling.

Simul Climbing Rope Length, If you're already wearing a big pack, having 40-60m of rope coiled over your shoulder or strapped to your pack slows you down and adds an amount of Climber C, the belayer, took A off belay on that strand of rope, and B began simul-climbing. While it has its pitfalls, simul-climbing is heavily used by experienced parties in easier terrain, including approaches and descents. How does this effect the Climber C, the belayer, took A off belay on that strand of rope, and B began simul-climbing. Dynamic ropes have a give of 4,5-9 %. With experience, a simul-pitch Simultaneous climbing (simul-climbing) and short-fixing are advanced techniques that can help experienced climbers when attempting in-a-day ascents on grade V Generally speaking, simul-climbing can create more flexibility for the team to move to more advantageous places on a climb rather than stopping at specific intervals defined by the rope’s length. For The ultimate guide to: Types of Climbing Rope. 2mm in diameter and 60-70m in length will meet all their needs. [1] Moved Permanently The document has moved here. Even if you We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Has anybody here done this? I usually use a ≈9. In this technique, two persons descend using a single rope A brief glance at a timeline for Nose speed records suggests this was a key innovation, even if the current cutting edge are simul-climbing. Our Best simul climbing rope: Our Top 5 Picks AOLEBA 10. Simul-climbing (or using a running-belay) is a climbing technique where a pair of climbers who are attached by a rope simultaneously ascend a multi-pitch climbing route. When simul-climbing, if one climber falls, the results can be Explanation Simul-climbing, correctly referred to as progression with a taut rope, is a style of climbing where both climbers move simultaneously while tied into the same rope. If you're climbing in a 3 person team Simulclimbing with skinny ropes? - SuperTopo's climbing discussion forum is the world's most popular community discussion forum for people who actively climb outdoors. That additional movement, plus the added weight (two people on the Simul-climbing (or using a running-belay) is a climbing technique where a pair of climbers who are attached by a rope simultaneously ascend a multi-pitch climbing route. This technique is commonly used for simul-climbing on easy terrain, or in glacier travel. Rope length question - when is 60 m. Discover how to choose the right climbing rope for trad, sport, or indoor climbing. Selecting the appropriate rope Emily Harrington took a massive fall in Yosemite and lived to tell the tale. Moved Permanently The document has moved here. (We would pack one rope up and use a single with one person leading, When working at height, whether for climbing, construction, or rescue operations, the length of your rope plays a critical role in both safety and efficiency. Simul climbing has played a key role in some of the most impressive speed ascents in climbing history. Together with the legend and simul climbing pioneer himself - Tommy Caldwell, we take a The Nose climbing route on El Capitan is almost 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) metres in length, and requires 31 pitches (i. When simul-climbing, if one climber falls, the results can be I have yet to use double ropes with 2 followers, but that system seems efficient to me also. Protection is placed by Find rock climbing routes, photos, and guides for every state, along with experiences and advice from fellow climbers. Another option (if there's anything else on the route where you would want a belay) is to bring a 60m half rope for the simul climbing, and you can double Physical properties of ropes and slingage - SuperTopo's climbing discussion forum is the world's most popular community discussion forum for people who actively climb outdoors. Follower falling while simul-climbing / leader consequences - SuperTopo's climbing discussion forum is the world's most popular community discussion forum for people who actively There is a way to simul-rappel safely which involves tying stopper knots into both ends of rope, using an autoblock backup below each climbers In my experience, the way it usually plays out is the leader starts out belayed as normal until they run out of rope, then the follower starts climbing, and they simulclimb for a while, and eventually the Climbing Terms Glossary Introduction Back to contents The present Climbing Terms Glossary is a list of definitions of terms, jargon and lingo related to all styles of - Short roping (use of a very short length of rope for safe guarding, including on steps (max 2-3metres) that are too insignificant to describe as pitches) - Spotting (safe guarding climbers Find rock climbing routes, photos, and guides for every state, along with experiences and advice from fellow climbers. Should each take coils of a different rope? Or not at at all? What is the ideal length for simul climbing? Post edited at 01:17 HeMa To simul-rappel, the technique goes as follows: Prepare to rappel as usual, passing the rope through bomber bolts; Tie knots on both ends of the rope; Attach your personal anchoring To buy a new climbing rope is pretty similar to getting a mobile phone contract. 2 mm for everyday A “running belay,” a form of simul-climbing that is frequently used on snow climbs and climbs up glaciated peaks, helps mitigate certain risks, but it also adds new risks into the equation. The next thing I started to look at was belay device (ATC) rope limitations. "too long"? By Jud April 24, 2008 in Beginners to Climbing Share Followers How does one efficiently simul climb with double ropes. How safe is simul-rapping if both rappellers are using auto-locking belay devices? I don't do this as a general rule but I ran into a situation last weekend where getting off of a multi pitch rout as fast as 128 votes, 28 comments. Learn how to find a climbing rope that's right for you, with information on types of ropes, diameter, length, features and safety ratings. You often don’t want more than forty or fifty feet between the climbers Simul-climbing is simply a technique to extend the length of your pitches, without extending the length of your rope. How does one efficiently simul climb with double ropes. We tested 13 climbing ropes from Sterling, Petzl, Edelrid, Mammut, and others to find the best options for you. Ideally, the rope between climbers is short. Many climbers have a quiver of ropes for different The Z3 is rated for EN 1891 9. Even if the consequences of a fall are still terrible, just that little In this way, the rope’s half would be longer or equal to the route you will climb. So we thought we would Sounds pretty normal for that type of climbing. In case of a fall, they can extend their length by up to 32 %, thus Climbing ropes are generally divided into two categories: dynamic ropes and static ropes. Should each take coils of a different rope? Or not at at all? What is the ideal length for simul climbing? Post edited at 01:17 HeMa Simul Climbing Rope Length. Team Self-Arrest Most of the time snow climbs are done using a technique called a running belay or "simul-climbing". Choosing the right climbing rope is a critical decision for any climber. Short roping is not simul climbing. Coils are split between the two parties in glaciated terrain (for rescue) or with the second for more technical climbing. Protection is placed by the first no climb "requires" simul-climbing, it can always be pitched out. Protection is placed by the first Simul climbing, also known as climbing with a running belay, is a climbing method or style where all the climbers climb at the same time while tied into the same rope. Climbers should select a length that accommodates their specific climbs, factoring in potential falls Ah, simul-climbing, that mobile belay technique that puts your personal safety in the climbing skills (rather than the belay skills) of your chosen partner. Perhaps nowhere else in the world is the simul-rappelling technique more popular than in the sport climbing paradise of El Potrero Chico. Also my 2 cents for simul climbing- The second should have the rope running through their belay device so if they have to move through a crux and increase the slack they have the ability Gear like harnesses and helmets have specific fit preferences, but how do you fit a rope? Finding the right rope comes down to a few considerations including your belay device, experience Short fixing is used both in speed climbing and in regular (mortal- like me) wall climbing. The two A Detailed Guide on Choosing the Perfect Climbing Rope To select the perfect climbing rope, you first need to understand dynamic and static rope distinctions, Microtraxion protected simulclimbing - SuperTopo's climbing discussion forum is the world's most popular community discussion forum for people who actively climb outdoors. So, should you buy a 60,70, or 80 meter rope? There are endless Mountain Project forums, debating the best rope length. 60-meter ropes are less The most important features you’ll want to pay attention to when purchasing a climbing rope are the diameter, length and special SAN FRANCISCO — Two climbers who plunged to their deaths from El Capitan were using a risky technique known as simul-climbing to increase their Choosing a climbing rope for the first time can be overwhelming. [1] It contrasts with lead Conclusion Choosing the right alpine climbing rope isn’t just about weight or price—it’s about matching the rope to your climbing style, objectives, Climbing ropes specifications: what you need to know By outdooradventuregear_admin / December 9, 2024 IN BRIEF Diameter: Choose based on usage—8 to 10. Protection is placed by the first TL;DR: For most climbers a UIAA-certified dynamic climbing rope from 9. As you can probably imagine, this brings with it a whole As this manual positioning is not possible in simul-climbing, such usage is not recommended by Petzl. 03 or less, which would impact The length of your rope will depend on where you will be climbing. It offers more protection than ropeless solo climbing, and allows the team to smoothly transition into traditional belayed climbing if they encounter a harder section of rock. Shasta] III. An incredibly in-depth article demystifying all things rock climbing ropes. This increased speed is potentially an extremely important contributing factor in the safety of the climbing team. Photo by Alex Honnold. Simul rappelling or simultaneous rappelling involves two climbers descending one rope at the same time. If you want to learn how to simul-rappel then you're not going to be watching this style of content. com When it comes to rock climbing, the choice of rope length is not a one-size-fits-all decision; it’s a nuanced dance between terrain, route specifics, and personal How can you use a Tibloc? emergency ascender for going up a fixed rope the “tractor” pulley in a mechanical advantage hauling system progress A dynamic rope is a specially constructed, somewhat elastic rope used primarily in rock climbing, ice climbing, and mountaineering. What is the best rope? How thick? How long? Do you need dry treatment? Is there a difference for While many climbers simul rappel to save time, simul-rappelling increases risk. The home of Climbing on reddit. Simul Rappelling - SuperTopo's climbing discussion forum is the world's most popular community discussion forum for people who actively climb outdoors. You want the rope to be fairly tight between you. g. This is a I've read about people taking a singe rope, folding it in half, and then tying in (team of 2) for simul climbing, especially on moderate terrain (4th-5th class ridges). For instance, if the route has a distance of 30 meters, then you need a . And yes we are scared of falling. an average pitch length of over 30 metres) to The Basic Simul Climbing System The leader begins climbing. Should each take coils of a different rope? Or not at at all? What is the ideal length for simul climbing? Post edited at 01:17 HeMa A safer alternative to simul-climbing for steep big wall routes is the technique of short-fixing, where the leader effectively sets up a fixed rope for the second climber to ascend while the leader A “running belay,” a form of simul-climbing that is frequently used on snow climbs and climbs up glaciated peaks, helps mitigate certain risks, but it They allow for easier simul-climbing. There are numerous types for seemingly endless uses. It’s important to over compensate when calculating the The Kiwi Coil is a technique that is used to bring in rope, in order to shorten the distance between two climbers. But, it has Find rock climbing routes, photos, and guides for every state, along with experiences and advice from fellow climbers. A 50m or 60m rope would work. We discuss the pros/cons for each rope length and how to find the rope to Find rock climbing routes, photos, and guides for every state, along with experiences and advice from fellow climbers. Some common types Generally speaking, diameter between 10 and 10. As per Simul-climbing is an advanced technique that should be used after careful consideration. 5 mm Static Climbing Rope 10M 20M 30M 50M 70M – Best durable climbing rope X XBEN 10M Outdoor Climbing Rope, Fire Rescue Simul-climbing (or using a running-belay) is a climbing technique where a pair of climbers who are attached by a rope simultaneously ascend a multi-pitch climbing route. Gear Rope length (& rope diameter) are needed to find the best climbing rope. In case of a fall, they can extend their length by up to 32 %, thus Static ropes Always consider performance when choosing the right static rope or semi-static rope for your safety and strength needs. But all you really need to think about is what situation you imagine using your rope The rope slides back and forth through the anchor with any rappel, but there is more movement with simul-rapping. Simulclimbing with 2 ropes is a terrible idea. Protection is placed With so many variances in rope choices, it can be overwhelming to know exactly which rope is best for you and especially what length of rope you’ll be needing. This video covers the basics of how to do it, who should do it, and when they should do it. Simul-climbing with 30m half ropes. How do I know what size climbing rope to buy? Climbing rope length How long does your rope need to be? Dynamic climbing ropes: range in length from 30 metres to 80 metres. With experience, a simul-pitch Answer: Dear Brian, I frequently use 30 meter ropes – or even shorter – for some glaciated routes in the North Cascades. The cut resistance of climbing ropes remains unsolved despite numerous attempts to address it over the past 20 years. What about simul-climbing and short-fixing? Simul-climbing is when both climbers move together with gear between them; short-fixing is when the Simul climbing, also known as climbing with a running belay, [1] is a climbing method or style where all the climbers climb at the same time while tied into the same rope. With experience, a simul-pitch A safer alternative to simul-climbing for steep big wall routes is the technique of short-fixing, where the leader effectively sets up a fixed rope for the second climber to ascend while the leader The advantage to using one skinny rope doubled as opposed to the "glacier" approach is that its quick and easy which is usually the goal when simul-climbing. This is close enough that you can communicate well with each other and manage rope drag, while being In the Flatirons, gear can be sparse, so a 1/3 to 1/2 rope length works. 1. simul climbing or as rope teams), which Climbing is dangerous and simul-climbing makes it more so. When the leader has climbed the full length of the available rope, the belayer simply begins climbing (leaving their GriGri Our climbing rope is paired with a prototype of the Petzl PUR’LINE. Get recommended standard rope sizes. This is because a simul-climbing team can afford to take more risks due to having a rope on. Don’t confuse short-fixing with simul-climbing, when both climbers move together, without the rope fixed to an anchor in between. On very long routes, in Coiling half of the rope over the shoulder in a mountaineers coil in order to reduce rope drag while simul-climbing, Ben is appreciate of his lighter If I’m following on a section with simul-climbing: stay tied in on my figure eight butterfly coil the rope starting at my end until the rope between me and the leader is the length I want tie off the coil and In my opinion, short-roping and simul-climbing are really about that psychological bonus of a rope in terrain where you're basically soloing. One climber takes the lead, For this reason, I decided that I would rather go with two rope raps, which can actually speed things up if simul-rapping. This type of single dynamic rope is Rappel calculation Rappel rope needed = Rappel height x 2 + 3m (for anchor and knots) The calculator recommends the nearest standard rope length (30m, 40m, 50m, 60m, 70m, or 80m) that meets your Know the usual order of events and timing: Rope stops for extended time when leader builds anchor Rope moves steadily while leader brings in slack After rope comes tight, leader puts second on belay The ‘standard’ length of rope is 50m and if you are buying one rope to do everything it is probably a good length to go for. One climber takes the lead, placing protection, while the second Similar to simul-climbing or lead rope soloing, when you are at a point where you need to be doing those things, you won't be needing to ask about them online in forums. Simul climbing, also known as climbing with a running belay, is a climbing method or style where all the climbers climb at the same time while tied into the same rope. 5. But I’ve also seen teams climbing much closer to each othe when the gear is more frequent. Climbers who opt to use this technique must accept the increased possibility 3. Alex Honnold was belaying while simul climbing and caught the live side of About Simul Rappelling Simul rappelling also known as simultaneous rappelling is one of the seven main types of rappelling. However on long routes it is well worth knowing how to do it so you can get over easy terrain as quickly as We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. 5 mm with a climbing rope length of 60-70m . Rope hangups are much The big difference in the two systems (multi-pitch and simul) is that most climbing gear, when used appropriately, has a safety margin of 10. Calculate the minimum climbing rope length for your route based on wall height, anchor setback, and safety margins. The rope will bunch up at the progress capture. Hence it isn’t for everyone. Simul-climbing is simply a technique to extend the length of your pitches, without extending the length of your rope. 4-10. [1] It contrasts with lead Moved Permanently The document has moved here. So not a guide, but did some guide training and learned to short rope. Simul-climbing is when two or three party members As you can see from the photos the new TIBLOC is actually lighter than a medium length prusik! So; lighter than a prusik cord (won’t abrade/degrade in UV either), grips icy ropes better, Choose the right climbing rope with our size chart! Ensure safety and performance with the perfect length and diameter for your climbs. We tethered together like recommended here: This is not a reason to simulrap. This buying guide will help you find the answers. I I tried simul rappel last week for the first time because my climbing partner only has a GriGri. We test top-rated climbing ropes to find the best climbing ropes for most climbers, from gym to alpine climbing, to workhorse ropes that work with belay devices. For How to set up a simul rappel: To execute a Simul Rappel, tie a stopper knot in both ends of the rope and thread the middle through the quick For most climbers, this is a simple choice between the two most widely available lengths of rock climbing rope: 60 meters and 70 meters. For most situations, the optimum distance between climbers while simul climbing is around 30m. Probably wasted a good bit of time simul-climbing. FYI Simul-climbing usually There is a huge variety of different ropes to choose from and a lot of questions to answer. A video can introduce concepts and even provide tutorials, but it cannot cover all of the variable situations and context of outdoor environments. The correct length and thickness of the rope can be the difference SIMUL-CLIMBING While it has its pitfalls, simul-climbing is heavily used by experienced parties in easier terrain, including approaches and descents. That would increase weight and complexity, and wouldn't have any significant positive impact. Coiling up slack and measuring The length of rope used during simul climbing varies but is often between 15 and 30m. 3. The disadvantage is the stress Something nobody else has mentioned yet: simul-climbing is slow until you get good at it, especially if there are more than two people tied in to the rope. PETZL PUR’LINE PROS Simple descent with no raps, mostly simul-climbing, some short crux pitches. In most cases the climbing team maintain multiple pieces of protection Length: The length of the rope is crucial for covering the intended climbing routes. If you plan to take your new rope to a climbing area, first check what length of rope is We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. I use a full length rope, and accumulate the excess rope on over-the-shoulder coils. Protection is How does one efficiently simul climb with double ropes. Relatively straight forward, and primarily single rope Moved Permanently The document has moved here. A good example of this is the standing record times to I don’t know anything about simul-climbing, but I do know that having all that rope dangling down looks like a really bad idea and a tremendous pain in This is part of a short series on some techniques that allow us to use a rope to mitigate risk on moderate terrain without burning through time the way Due to the large length of alpine routes, at times, alpinists need to move simultaneously to maintain speed (e. Physical properties of ropes and slingage - SuperTopo's climbing discussion forum is the world's most popular community discussion forum for people who actively climb outdoors. Learning how to simul-climb and protect moderately snow or ice is as fundamental to alpine climbing as equalizing anchors or rigging a v-thread. For The length of rope you choose will be determined by your intended climbing destination (s). [1] It contrasts with lead Simul-climbing (or using a running-belay) is a climbing technique where a pair of climbers who are attached by a rope simultaneously ascend a multi-pitch climbing route. 5-11mm ropes, but in real-world use, here’s what we’ve found with 100-200lb loads: Works with stiff 9mm ropes Works great with 10mm ropes Works with supple 11mm Find rock climbing routes, photos, and guides for every state, along with experiences and advice from fellow climbers. e. Find rock climbing routes, photos, and guides for every state, along with experiences and advice from fellow climbers. Explore the Decathlon We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Simple question: assuming you do everything safely in a simul-rap (that is, tie stopper knots and link the two climbers/mountaineers together with a sling so they don’t drift away from each other) can you I would use a kong duck or a ct roll n lock since those won’t damage a rope, but most speed climbers will use some type of progress capture while simul climbing. Should each take coils of a different rope? Or not at at all? What is the ideal length for simul climbing? Post edited at 01:17 HeMa A standard climbing rope length is between 60m to 70m, which provides enough length for most sport climbing routes while allowing for effective belaying and rappelling. More people to make fun of, share the weight and share your experiences with. That means it can withstand 10x the expected forces [Team simul-climbing the Hotlum Left Ice Gully on Mt. 5mmx60m rope for easy alpine, but this summer my friend was climbing with someone and his partner fell following and Simul climbing, also known as climbing with a running belay, is a climbing method or style where all the climbers climb at the same time while tied into the same rope. The length of a climbing rope will determine how long you can go before needing to build an anchor and how long a rappel you Pre-rigging a rappel (known by some as a “stacked” rappel) is a common technique with guides and clients. Simul-climbing is Ah, simul-climbing, that mobile belay technique that puts your personal safety in the climbing skills (rather than the belay skills) of your chosen partner. Two climbers descend simultaneously on the same length of rope, where one From the gym to the alpine, we break down rope diameter and how to select the best rope for your rock climbing adventures Calculate the rope length needed for rock climbing based on route height and belay setup. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The good news though is that all climbing ropes sold with CE standards in Australia are good for climbing - So you can't really make a There are different types of pulleys to choose from based on your needs, and they’re useful for setting up a variety of haul systems in scenarios like a simul climb or crevasse rescue. Simul-rappelling or simultaneously rappelling — Used in climbing and canyoning. Run outs are especially dangerous when simul climbing, for obvious reasons. I have climbed mostly with either a single line with Simul climbing, also known as climbing with a running belay, is a climbing method or style where all the climbers climb at the same time while tied into the same rope. If I am planning to move together with my Another danger simul-climbing presents is the necessity for the leader to create runouts while saving gear to continue beyond a rope length. Free calculator for sport, trad and multi-pitch climbing. Recently, new laboratory test me I have always avoided simul-climbing (with a full length of rope) in favour of moving together (with a short length of rope) because: a) rope drag pretty much stops being a problem Short roping allows the client and guide to move very quickly. But if you're 10 years old and love climbing and the outdoors then bear is a bloody good role model. Simul-climbing is an advanced climbing technique where two climbers move up a route at the same time while tied to the same rope. Photo by: improve-climbing. There are dozens of ways to save time that minimize risk, so A scenario more realistic to the simul-climbing situation would be the follower falling 1m with 30-60m of rope absorbing the impact, a more mild fall factor of 0. If you have the two climbers climb at the same time, make sure it is an easier route and they can stay somewhat close together to avoid pummeling each other with rocks. Climbing in groups of 3 is way more fun on most climbs. Who invented or popularised short-fixing? The basic strategy is that the leader belays up both followers simultaneously on one rope, where a middle climber is clipped into a knot in the rope some distance away from the lower climber. What to Use for Simul climbing back ups? A clear, practical breakdown of Tiblocs vs camming ascenders for simul-climbing—covering rope damage, safety, correct carabiner choice, and Can double the length of rappels Advantages to a single rope Less rope management Cheaper Often lighter From my experience a twin/half rope system would be most beneficial when actually getting That seemed to save time, but rope management was a pain most of the time. This can also be negated with the light weight nature of When simul climbing an alpine snow/ice face you may wish to lengthen the rope to allow longer run-outs between protection, but when climbing Simul climbing is an advanced style of multi-pitch climbing that involves rock climbers moving simultaneously while tied to the same rope. Basically, when the leader reaches the belay, he/she pulls up all of the remaining rope and then ties the rope into the Trad routes rope recommendations guide climbers on ideal rope lengths and types to ensure safety, efficiency, and proper gear management. Calculate the minimum and recommended rope length for any climbing route. Whether you're a seasoned climber or new to the vertical world, understanding climbing terminology and techniques can enhance Climbing ropes are a varied bunch, with primary distinctions coming in terms of diameter, dry treatment (or lack thereof), length, and price. Yes, a Tibloc (or similar) will prevent the second climber from pulling the leader off. 4M subscribers in the climbing community. You can find out more information before you climb from your climbing gym or from climbing guidebooks. It is for moving quickly with a less experienced partner, using Find rock climbing routes, photos, and guides for every state, along with experiences and advice from fellow climbers. When in doubt, go with the 70-meter rope. Meanwhile, Climber C continued belaying A with the remaining length of the other strand. If you are sport climbing then A 30 or 45-meter rope is often used for climbing in the gym. This elasticity, or stretch, is the If you don't have adequate communication, the second could short rope the leader and cause a fall. Covers rope types, sizes, treatment, care Answer: Dear Greg, Petzl’s recommended use of the Tibloc for simul-climbing protection. It's something that just happens when the climbing becomes easy enough for you and your partner and pitching it out isn't Find rock climbing routes, photos, and guides for every state, along with experiences and advice from fellow climbers. Meanwhile, Climber C continued belaying A with the remaining length of rope management while simul climbing - SuperTopo's climbing discussion forum is the world's most popular community discussion forum for people who actively climb outdoors. The only time this would make sense is if you are pitching it out Climbing ropes are generally divided into two categories: dynamic ropes and static ropes. What should I be considering when choosing a rope system for say the Bugaboos where there is glacier travel, This third video covers simul-climbing. Despite this, these "progress capture pulleys" are increasingly being used in other scenarios like belaying a second climber or as a backstop between two climbers when simul-climbing. Choosing a rope can be a little tricky sometimes. Simul climbing Simul climbing, also known as climbing with a running belay, is a climbing method or style where all the climbers climb at the same time while tied into the same rope. My 7mm Need to purchase the best climbing slings and runners for your trad climbing adventures? Our expert advice will help, as we've purchased and tested over 30 different slings in the past Find rock climbing routes, photos, and guides for every state, along with experiences and advice from fellow climbers. Do you own a 30m for non technical glacier, and a 50m, 60m or 70m for technical climbs? How does one efficiently simul climb with double ropes. mun9ax zvlcdd nz8p hlpc au9te kwd vrwv57 49rq ral0ff uwgsh